be found in Christian Science and a host of other nineteenth-century new religious movements. Today the popularity of books like Napoleon Hill’s Think and Grow Rich, first published in 1937, shows the continuity of this tradition. At the same time a host of television evangelists and other preachers offer the public encouragement through books and cassette tapes that assure them of their self-worth and need to believe in themselves. Several systems of counseling have developed along these lines,